USB interface tutorial covering basic fundamentals

Introduction: Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a set of interface specifications for high speed wired communication between electronics systems peripherals and devices with or without PC/computer. The USB was originally developed in 1995 by many of the industry leading companies like Intel, Compaq, Microsoft, Digital, IBM, and Northern Telecom. The major goal of USB was to define an external expansion bus to add peripherals to a PC in easy and simple manner. The new external expansion architecture, highlights, 1. PC host controller hardware and software 2. Robust connectors and cable assemblies 3. Peripheral friendly master-slave protocols 4. Expandable through multi-port hubs. USB offers users simple connectivity. It eliminates the mix of different connectors for different devices like printers, keyboards, mice, and other peripherals. That means USB-bus allows many peripherals to be connected using a single standardized interface socket. Another main advantage is that, in USB environment, DIP-switches are not necessary for setting peripheral addresses and IRQs. It supports all kinds of data, from slow mouse inputs to digitized audio and compressed video. USB also allows hot swapping. The "hot-swapping" means that the devices can be plugged and unplugged without rebooting the computer or turning off the device. That means, when...